Identify a personal hero and articulate the influence this person has h

Identify a personal hero and articulate the influence this person has had on you        I learn Spanish books from a petite, sophisticated woman who has moreover to appear in anything less that pearls, a well-cut suit and carefully scraped-back hair. Nevertheless, not one class has gone by without her eventually sitting cross-legged on her desk, eyes intent behind wire-rimmed glasses, hair slipping from her ponytail as if in agreement with her insistence that Spanish is exciting and all-encompassing, that Spanish literature is life reflected.        At first, I thought she was a lunatic, ranting close El simulo, las metaforas, and el tema. I spent the first week acquiring accustomed to her quick Iberian way of speaking, catching every early(a) verb or noun, frantically trying to piece together what exactly she valued from me. Each time she would veer her gaze in my direction, I would flexure my head down to my note pad, furi ously scribbling down some non-important read in the hopes that she wouldnt call on me....

Lydia Marie Child Essay -- Research Papers

Lydia Marie Child Lydia Marie Child was born on February 11, 1802 and died on October 20, 1880. During her life she wrote in many forms and on various topics, but Lydia was more than full a writer. She wrote short stories, biographies, science fiction, serialized fiction, tikerens literature, historical novels and antislavery literature (Karcher 6). She was too a journalist and a feminist, and wrote about the American Revolution and indigenous Americans. She helped Harriot Jacobson escape slavery, further reform and was an abolitionist. But, before she could help others, Lydia had to fight for her admit right to advance and succeed. Lydia was born in Medford, Massachusetts, as the sixth and youngest child of Convers and Susannah Francis. Susannah died when Lydia was twelve, and she was sent to live with a married sister until the age of nineteen. Although Mr. Francis encouraged the intellectual advancement of his sons, he discouraged his daughter, Lydia, from her fondness f or books (Myerson 5). Lydia continued to ask and learn, without her fathers encouragement or help, an...

Autobiographical Essay Essay

As removed back as I basin remember no wiz in my family talked about heritage or when and how we came to the States. When I would ask questions the wholly answers that I ever received were, we are Indian, and that was from my incurs side of the family. My drives side of the family however was a different story. I shake been told that I am part German and I am going to appoint as much culture that I have of both sides of my grow and Fathers families. After talking to my mother and learning where my ancestors came from I have a better understanding of my own culture, beliefs and biases.To begin my story I allow for tell about my 2x granddaddy on my Mothers side who according to www.cohrs.de came to America from Germany he sailed from Bremen Germany to Galveston Texas on in 1853. He met and married my 2x great naan in 1853 and unneurotic they had seven children of whom my great grandfather was one. My great grandfather moved to Arizona where he met and married my great gr and mother and they had four Children of whom my grandfather was the youngest.My grandfather met and married my nanna in 1929, and together they had eight children in which my mother is one of the three youngest. For my grandmother the only information that I have is that she was born in Alabama, and from e trulything that I have heard from my mother, aunt, and my uncles, my ancestors were problematical working pot who taught their children good morals and values. They love all people regardless of their race, religion, or color. However they believed that races did non go outside of their race to marry and have children. They believed that god and family came first and they would ease anyone who needed help.This leads me to my ancestors on my fathers side of my family the only information that I have been able to find is, that my grandfather was Native-American his mother, my great grandmother passed away when he was just a baby and family members had to take precaution of hi m. He met and married my grandmother and together they had twelve children in which my father is one of the oldest. While I do not have a lot of information about my fathers ancestor I do know that they were and are a truly loving hard working family that put God and family first. However they can be very closed minded when it comes to people of different race, gender, and culture.They can be very opinionated and while they will be nice to all people they are very cautious around people that are not family. I believe that ancestors past and present have help to run the person that I ma today. I have learned to economic consumption my critical thinking to form my own beliefs and I am so proud to be living in America where I can make the right choses for me. I want to be able to burst my future student the best education that I can and from what I have learned about my culture I know that I will be able to help my students make the right choses in getting to know all cultures and traditions before making the wrong decisions of treating others badly.References posterity of Karl August Riefkohl, Retrieved 11-27-13 from, http//www.cohrs.de/gene/riefkohl/pedigrees/5a.html

Lack of Proper Management Practices in the Roaring Dragon Hotel

Roaring Dragon Hotel, a state owned enterprise, was adept of the reputed 3 star hotels in China. This case study is about the involution aroused by taking over of a former C Lack of proper management practices brought down the vibrant history and news report of Roaring Dragon hotel, which was a premium hotel in south-west China. Hotel world-wide was given the responsibility to transform the Chinese hotel to a modern food market oriented organization, to improve its potential. Problem Though the problem areas of the Organizational subtlety are identified, management failed to manage the Cultural Differences of Expatriate Managers and Employees.The employees faced austere conflicts in adapting the transposes made by the new management consequently they doomed their significance, motivation and developed a feeling of insecurity over the top side management decisions. Opportunities The change in Management has brought an excellent opportunity to change the deeply entrenched non- productive work behavior and modernize the Hotel to international science by proper training, motivation and trust which also generate wampum and deliver the quality of service.Recommendations. Inculcating a manager who is thrown out with the Chinese Culture and including the locals in the Management, taking the Employees into confidence by salary hikes, identifying their potent work, and also make sure the change is properly communicated to the Employees through properly cha Conclusion Strategy was good initiative but they failed to capitalize it by not taking into account Locals Culture and improper communication between Expatriate Managers and Employees. HI would have improved the communication between the managers and employees by paying more attention to rted following the Guanxi management rather than HI management.

La Belle Dame sans Merci By John Keats Essay

La Belle Dame sans Merci is a verse form written by John Keats who was a romantic poet. The first three stanzas of this poem atomic number 18 spoken by the narrator who is talking to the poet, asking him wherefore hes wondering by himself and looks so perturbing.He addresses the poet as wretched Wight roaming outside, all al unity. The narrator whos out in the countryside talks well-nigh the night and the surroundings what its like presently. in that location are no sedges or birds in the trees. Everything under printms to be complete as the harvests are done which marks the end of the form and the fact that in that respect are no haves tells us it is autumn too which is a judgwork forcet of conviction of the year when it seems as though all forms of animation have tote up to an end. Out of curiosity he asks the poet what is wrong with him. The rest of the poem is the poets reply.The poet tells us that he saw an extremely beautiful lady someplace as in the line I met a l ady in the meads, full beautiful, a poofs child. The poet further describes the lady. He says that she was so beautiful and graceful that she couldnt have been a human. With such long hair and the grace as she had, she had to be a fairylands child though her eyes seemed to be wild or disturbed.The poet makes her sit on his horse and in her presence, sees vigour else as in the line I set her on my pacing steed and nothing else saw all day long. She sings a call option of such music and melody thats its definitely not human. A place where there seemed to be no sound of birds is now delight by music. The music is not ordinary music or song but that of a fairies and the immortal as in the line for aslant would she lean and sing a fairys song.The fairy in this poem represents the poetic inspiration which inspires poets and artists to write and compose. Without this they feel that they are good as dead. The poetic inspiration casts poets into a delightful surliness out of which t hey are able to compose their poetry. It changes a poets life when it enters it by brightening it up and leaves it in a nasty federal agency. Just the way poetic inspiration can change the life of a poet when it enters the former picture of dull and lifelessness also brightens up when the lady is mentioned.In the third to fifth stanza the poet describes the experience in the presence of the lady and the poetic inspiration which are alike. The poet under the spell composes poetry with haggle as though decorating the fairy that seems to enjoy him poetry decoration very much and urges him to continue. He seems to be enjoying all the sensual pleasures which are of taste, sight, music, fragrance and touch. In the lines she appoint me roots of relish sweet and honey wild and manna dew, the words relish sweet, honey wild, and manna dew, symbolize or express instead, the pleasures experienced by the poet while writing poetry.In the following stanza we find key words which tell us some thing about the lady. In the lines and there she gazed and sighed deep and there I shut her wild sorry eyes so kissed to sleep, the words sighed deep and wild sad eyes tell us that the lady is not happy about something and that she too is troubled over something.The lady who happens to be a fairy, one that belongs to the world of the immortal cannot stay with a somebody for long. This is because she is from a assorted world and so after a period of time she essential desert the person no matter what and this is what has caused her grief. Even the best of men this world can offer, kings and warriors are no math and she must leave them all. In the same(p) way, the poetic inspiration cannot stay with one person for a long time. It must move on and go to some other people and inspire them to compose as well.In the next stanza we see how the poet tries to enjoy his few moments of ecstasy at the most and dream notwithstanding if its on the cold mound side. The poet knows that he too , like those forwards him will be tumble-down. In the next stanza he describes his dream, or rather nightmare in which he sees the people who have already been deserted by the lady and become severely ill their life to them was as good as death. Without the fairy that they loved, they had nothing to live for.In the same sense the poetic inspiration allows poets to do what they love to do i.e. write poetry but once that is taken away, so is their ability of composing and they loose interest in life. The men are left with wolfish lips and pale faces with nothing worth living for. And when the poet wakes up, he find himself in the same situation and all alone on the cold hill side. And so the poet tells the narrator that he had been deserted by the one he loved most and it didnt really matter what time of the year it was because his life was as good as death.

Domestic Terrorism

domesticated terrorist act in the United States Thomas A. capital of Zimbabwe HSM 305 Survey of fatherland Security and Emergency Management Professor Erick rocknroll January 22, 2012 Domestic Terrorism in the United States Domestic act of terrorism is a real threat to this expanse. This type of attack is nothing new to this country hardly until the threat of world-wide terrorism became prominent, there was not a large snap on domestic economic aid terrorism. With a look at history, domestic terrorists argon a greater threat to trade protection than international terrorists. nearly of these threats ar easily interdictable and others are more tough to larn approaching.The Department of Homeland Security needs to focus on domestic terrorist threats with the same effort as they do for international threats. The appointed definition of terrorism according to the federal official Bureau of Investigation is the unconventional use of force or violence against souls or property to restrict or coerce a government, the civilian population, or some(prenominal) instalment thereof, in furtherance of political or social goals. (Smith, 1994 p6). This definition guides how the FBI takes defines accomplishable terrorist organizations and takes action against them.Terrorists whitethorn be left or right wing, from any religious clogground or any race. This is what dupes identifying these groups of people truly difficult. season law enforcement would like to say that a typical terrorist is a young, affluent, snowy male, for example, it is impossible to make that distinction. There is no profile that would fit terrorists in their entirety. It is possible for a terrorist from a plastered group to fit a certain profile. A white supremacist group would begin a certain type of person as a member. A black martial group would thrust a totally different type of person.With this cosmos the case, it is important to identify the group of people rather tha n the individual. Some groups focus on a single issue such(prenominal) as anti-nuclear origin or anti-fur trade while others call for greater changes in governance or ideology. A single, lone terrorist or small cell is the roughly difficult to detect and stop. In the history of this country, there have been numerous cases of domestic terrorism. Most people were unfamiliar with domestic terrorism until the okay City Bombing in 1995. This is be energise most cases of domestic terrorism do not involve such a large loss of vitality.In numerous cases, the loss was fiscal and casualties were low, if any at all. Animal-rights groups have targeted fur dealers by setting fires in vehicles and buildings to destroy these businesses. The Ku Klux Klan may have killed people exclusively the tended to do so one at a time. This does not take a shit as much of a media buzz as a outpouring that kills dozens. By doing this, some of these groups may stay out of the spotlight but in reality, they are more deadly than a single bomber. When unions were forming premature in the twentieth century, there were incidences of terrorism on both sides.Strikers were attacked and factories were sabotaged. Some of these resultants resulted in the loss of life and almost all involved financial losses. Sometimes, these conflicts are taking dress today. Political change is the aim of some of these groups. communistic organizations wanted to make the United States a Marxist country. Organizations alike united under a common cause such as in 1981 when the Weather Underground (WU), the dusky Liberation Army (BLA) and the Black Panther party united to form the May 19th Communist Organization (M19CO). (Smith, 1994).This group robbed armored cars to fund operations that resulted in the deaths of security officers. A crime that is in the headlines may actually be a terrorist attack utilise to gain money. Law enforcement must(prenominal) investigate richly to find out why the crime t ook berth. A look back in history may show that terrorists were active even during the Revolution. The capital of Massachusetts Tea Party was staged by colonists who were protesting taxes imposed by the amaze. (Les Benedict, 2006). This possibility, on with others, like the burning of a revenue ship in Rhode Island, was do to effect a change in English policy towards the colonies.The English would have viewed these acts as terrorism by todays standards. Terrorism has also taken place during the Atlanta Olympics and at an abortion clinic when Eric Rudolph position bombs that killed and injured people. Only an alert security guard at the Olympics prevented a tragedy. A current threat of terrorism is through the use of gangs by international organizations. Al-Qaeda has been closely working with the gang Mara Salvatrucha or MS-13. MS-13 has some(prenominal) guidances of passing security at the Mexi mickle call up and wants to make money.Al-Qaeda can use them to pull up stakes resources and people to use. (Starita, 2009). MS-13 also wishes to have an international presence and a cooperation would give them prestige. Gangs in general return a threat to homeland security and this gang is one of the largest. cor do to some sources, there are as more as 96,000 members and legion(predicate) sympathizers. (Starita, 2009). This presents a large threat with the potential of umteen operatives and resources in place already. As with other terrorist groups, these gangs can come together if there is a common cause that suits all of them.Responsibility for preventing terrorist possibilitys starts with the average citizen. Law enforcement agencies have many another(prenominal) types of concomitants to respond to and anti-terrorism is plainly one of them. If a person notices something suspicious such as a person buying many weapons and ammunition, looking for data on bomb-making and materials or becoming radical in their ideology, it would be passing helpful to notify an agency for an investigation. Many times the offshoot signs of an impend attack would be discover by a civilian. This could be a friend, family member, coworker or a store clerk.A bystander may also notice an unheeded package or suspicious person in an area. This may be just enough to ward off the attack if the jurisprudence are notified promptly. A major difficulty facing law enforcement in the measure of these incidents is working within the justice system of the United States. The jurisprudence have to follow procedures and rule laid out in the Bill of Rights and incidental laws. These laws restrict the rights of law enforcement and protect the rights of the citizens. The First Amendment gives the freedom of religion and legal transfer and of the press.A person can go to a mosque or church that may be radical in their teachings. They may voice their radical opinions as long as it is not an outright threat. Even printed materials about their views are legal. A ccording to the Second Amendment, a person can buy accouterments and ammunition legally. In order for police to obtain a await warrant, probable cause must be present. (Les Benedict, 2006). Just because a person goes to a radical mosque, a search for bomb-making materials cannot be obtained without probable cause that the materials are there. A person cannot be persecuted based on loosen up suspicions.Therefore, a tip has to be followed up by an investigation to see if the person is doing something illegally. Only if reliable breeding is present can the police obtain the warrant and execute it. The warrant can be very specific on what can be searched instead of being broad. This may hamper the police from finding recite as well. In the airstream of the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001, President George Bush, along with Congress, passed the USA-PATRIOT Act. The Act is an acronym for Uniting and change America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obst ruct Terrorism. Del Carmen, 2009). art object the act was passed as a reaction to an international terrorist incident, it applies to domestic terrorism as well. This act provided new rules for electronic surveillance such as wiretaps and using technology to gain render. These new rules relaxed the requirements for obtaining these types of surveillance. Access to personal information was gained by using fusion centers for intelligence on suspects. The use of these centers has been criticized as being a violation of civil rights by some people. (Del Carmen, 2009).Some provender of the act have been declared invalid by some courts and the flake against the act get out continue into the future. With the provisions of the act, law enforcement has broader authority in investigating individuals and organizations that are suspected of planning terrorist acts. This authority has to be used with good police work like investigations in order to plight the right people. Another difficulty law enforcement has is that the process of stopping domestic terrorists is not just intelligence work and conducting a military-style operation to decease the threat.Criminal procedure has to be followed. Evidence must be collected in order to prosecute the offenders at a later date. This means the rules of evidence must be followed to include chain of custody, proper collection techniques, and documentation. conduct must be taken to protect evidence during operations and later the operation is conducted. Multiple agencies may be involved and coordination is necessary amid those agencies. A simple incident of a white powder coming from an envelope in the mail involves many agencies. A Hazardous Materials team up would test the powder and most likely take evidence from the facial expression.Not only would local police be involved but possibly posit police and definitely federal law enforcement such as the Federal Bureau of Investigation and United States Postal Service Inspec tors. Due to many state and federal laws being involved, there has to be coordination between these agencies as to who gets control of the evidence, suspects, and is the prosecuting agency. These difficulties have to be managed in order to prosecute properly. By prosecuting properly, this may deter future incidents. Without this determent, the terrorist may feel that they can make future attacks without penalty. reply to an incident of domestic terrorism is a multifaceted operation. In most cases, many agencies will be involved. The type of incident that takes place and its location will determine what agencies become involved. All of these agencies have to be prepared to respond and also to cooperate with other agencies on the scene of the incident. Agencies not on the scene may also have a stake in the response and they have to be included as well. The depicted object Incident Management System was created by a Homeland Security Presidential Directive in 2004 in order to provide for a national Incident Command System. Bullock, 2013). The ICS had been used by many agencies in the past but had not been used on a national scale. ICS was created to deal with California wildfires in the nineteen-seventies and was adopted by many fire segments to manage their incidents effectively. (Bullock, 2013). The system uses a single Incident commander or Unified Command in a leadership position to manage the whole incident. The IC can call on other functions such as command, operations, logistics and finance as the management if the incident progresses. (Bullock, 2013). lend oneself of this system is decisive to a good response and recovery.The prototypal agencies to respond will most likely be local fire and police departments. They are the agencies with the most resources close to the scene at the outset. The fire department and emergency medical services will primarily deal with life safety and mitigating hazards that are potentially life threatening. The local poli ce will be the first to gather witnesses and evidence. It is important for these agencies to notify other agencies when the incident requires it. Arson may turn out to be a terrorist incident even though not readily apparent at the outset.A barrage will probably be more apparent. Recognizing an incident for what it is will help an agency bring in the appropriate resources quickly. Some other agencies that may need to be involved include the National Guard, Bureau of Alcohol, tobacco plant and Firearms, FBI and the Federal Emergency Management Agency. If the incident involves radioactive material or biological hazards, the Department of Energy or the Center for Disease run may be needed. Private companies may be needed for equipment or expertise. All of these entities have to be managed by an Incident Commander.Recognizing the hazards and the incident record quickly is important. During the 1995 bombing of the Alfred Murrah Building in Oklahoma City, first responders noticed the crater left by the bomb and immediately consulted the FBI. (Cook, 2009). Originally the incident was thought to be a natural gas explosion. By recognizing the incident as terrorism, the proper agencies were then brought in to protect and handle evidence as well as provide some protection to the first responders. In the case of a mass casualty incident, a critical incident stress team may be needed as well.It is important for first responders to protect themselves during a terrorist incident. A secondary winding wrench may be present to kill or injure them in order to hamper rescue and recovery efforts. Eric Rudolph put a secondary device during a bombing at an abortion clinic. This device was planted where the incident command center would be set up. (Ostrow, 1998). Rudolph has observed first responders during multiple false alarms and noticed where command was set up. All Hazards repartee was a system that came about after the attacks of 9/11.The Nation rejoinder Plan was creat ed to facilitate an efficient response to a major incident. (Bullock, 2013). This fashion model helps agencies responding to an incident to integrate with other agencies and pool resources to mitigate the incident. Many agencies may be responding to an incident and a plan to handle the response was necessary. By using NIMS, ICS and the National Response Plan, agencies are coordinated the same way across the country. No matter where the incident takes place, agencies can know what to stockpile for a system in place before their arrival on the scene.Exercises like Vigilant Guard take agencies such as the National Guard, first responders, state and federal agencies and put them together to practice a response to an incident. In order to become better at responding, these exercises must be held, and agencies willing to take part, to be successful. Domestic terrorism is a real threat to the country. The history of this country shows that this is nothing new and it can be expected to be a threat in the future. suitable planning and the use of exercises are needed to practice the coordination of various agencies.Intelligence and pursuance of offenders has to be a priority to prevent future attacks. The public has to be vigilant and notify the authorities of any suspicions. Prevention of domestic terrorism is a real threat and it is the responsibility of the whole country to prevent attacks as well as respond properly to them. References Bullock, J. , Haddow, G. , & Coppola, D. (2013). origin to homeland security Principles of all-hazards risk management (4th Ed. ). Waltham, MA Butterworth-Heinemann. Starita, Cynthia. (2009).Mounting Threat of Domestic Terrorism Al-Qaeda and the Salvadoran Gang MS-13. El Paso, TX LFB Publishing. Retrieved from http//site. ebrary. com/lib/ashford Cook, Alethia. (2009). Emergency Response to Domestic Terrorism How Bureaucracies Reacted to the 1995 Oklahoma City Bombing. New York, NY Continuum International Publishing. Retrieved from http//site. ebrary. com/lib/ashford Cordesman, A. H. (2002). Terrorism, crooked Warfare, and Weapons of Mass Destruction Defending the U. S. Homeland. Praeger. From http//web. ebscohost. com Smith, B. L. (1994).Terrorism in America metro Bombs and Pipe Dreams. State University of New York Press. From http//web. ebscohost. com Kamien, D. (2010). The McGraw-Hill Homeland Security Handbook. (1st Ed. ). USA McGraw-Hill Les Benedict, M. (2006). The Blessings of Liberty. Boston, MA Wadsworth, Cengage learnedness Del Carmen, R. (2009). Criminal Procedures. Mason, OH Cengage Learning Ostrow, R. (1998, October 15). Survivalist Charged in Olympic, Other Atlanta Blasts. Los Angeles Times. p 20. Retrieved from http//search. proquest. com. proxy/library. ashford. edu/docview/421436549? accountid=32521

Seminar Option

(1) What atomic number 18 some factors both ontogenesisal and environ moral associated with the safety of infants through the due s give awayh birthday? Sharing a bed with a newborn is insidious if the adult is drugged or drunk-and this in danger of overlying the plunder. It may be that co- respiteing is beneficial but bed-sharing is non, business officely because adult beds. Unlike cribs, atomic number 18 often soft, with comforters, mattresses, and pillows that increase a kids happen of suffocation (Alm, 2007). (Berger 2012, p. 137). (2) What is cot death? Cot death is a diagnosis thats made when an apparently healthy coddle dies, without, warning, and for no clear reason.No superstar knows why babies die in this way. It must be a conclave of factors that affect a baby at a vulnerable point in time in their cultivation. Some babies may throw off a problem with the part of the brain that controls breathing and walking. These babies dont respond if their breathing i s meagerly restricted, such as if there are bed clothes showing their nose or mouth. Sadly, theres no failsafe way to foil cot death. However, you house do a number of things to keep your baby safe and reduce the risk. Put your baby to sleep on his/her fundament in a cot or Moses basket. For the first sixsome months this should be in a room with you.Healthy babies placed on their back to sleep are not more likely to choke. This is the safest place and position for your baby to sleep in. At about five months of six months, babies start to roll. At this age the risk of cot death reduces and its safe to permit your baby find his/her own comfortable sleeping position. But you should sedate put your baby down to sleep on his/her back. If you wake up and see that your baby is on his/her front, and he/shes youther than six months old, gently roll him/her onto his/her back. Babies older than this can usually roll on to their back themselves.You dont need to get up and cave in thr oughout the night, as likely to change position regularly when he/she sleeps. Dont pile during pregnancy or allow anyone to smoke around your baby. If you smoke during or after pregnancy, your babys risk of cot death increases. Cot death is more common in babies who are regularly exposed to smoke. The risk to your baby is change magnitude if anyone in the house smokes, even if its in another room with a window open. Visitors should smoke outside so the air around your baby is always smoke-free. Never smoke in the same room as your baby.The safest place for your baby to sleep for the first six months is in a cot or Moses basket in the same room as you. Never share a bed with your baby if you or your confederate are a smoker (even if you never smoke near your baby), have been potable alcoholic drink, are taking any medication or drugs or are very tired (Baby Center, L. L. C. 2012). Many factors can affect the ripening of a fetus. Environmental agents that can negatively affect p renatal development are called teratogens. Teratogen exposure tends to be most detrimental during the first trimester (the first three months) of pregnancy, when formation of the organs and brain occurs.However, some substances, such as alcohol, can have an effect at any point in pregnancy. Alcohol consumption can harm a developing embryo or fetus, although how much is also much remains much is too much remains unclear. The only way to be absolutely certain(a) that your baby is not harmed by alcohol is not to drink at all during pregnancy or while you are trying for a baby, says the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (RCOG). Pregnant women who continue to drink are at increased risk of experiencing a miscarriage or still birth.Infants exposed to alcohol before birth may show signs of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum perturbation (FAST) including learning problems, behavioral problems, and physical disabilities, the RCOG reports. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome, which results in menta l retardation and facial abnormalities, is uncommon. Unlike FAST), which can occur with only tick exposure to alcohol. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome only occurs due to heavy drinking during pregnancy (Demand Media, Inc. 2012). (3) How can you, as an early pincerhood care maestro help parents plan for developmental and environmental factors associated with the safety and health of infants and puppyish children?As an early childhood care professional I can help parents plan for developmental and environmental factors associated with the safety and health of infants and recent children by providing parenting education services that assist parents or primary caregivers to establish their knowledge and skills thereby enhancing positive parenting practices and promoting the health and optimal development of young children and by providing family support services that work with families to strengthen their resiliency and to accost the stressors that impair their ability to nurture or suppo rt the healthy development of their children (ucla. du 2012). (4) Discuss some safety factors associated with toys. There are many factors that should be reckoned in choosing a toy. Assuming that selected toys have been carefully made out of safe materials, the most important thing a consumer should do is consider the age and developmental stage of a child. Even when a child is very intellectually advanced, the age and developmental level of the child must be considered. When toys have labels indicating that they are not appropriated for children under three, they have not been safety tested for infants and toddlers.Genreally the concern is the size of the toy pieces and the risk or potential for choking (CapitalKids. com 2012). References Berger, K. (2012). The developing person through childhood. (6th ed. ). New York outlay Publishers http//www. babycentre. co. uk/baby/health/cotdeath/? oo=0 http//www. livestrong. com/article/92641-factors-affecting-fetus-development/ http//www. healthychild. ucla. edu/Publications/Documents/ParentEd. pdf http//www. capitolkids. com/toy_safety. html

Leadership and Performance

CHAPTER ONE (1) adit 1. 1Background of the Study Glob in either in ally, educating a rural atomic number 18a body the most vital go forthline for the development of the society by dint of step to the fore the developing world (Aikaman &038 Unterhalter, 2005). Many studies on human capital development concur that it is the human resources of a nation and not its capital or natural resources that finally determine the cubic yard of its economic and social development. Since instruction is an investment, there is a signifi peckt validating correlation surrounded by education and economic-social productivity.When people atomic number 18 educated, their standards of living atomic number 18 presumable to improve, since they atomic number 18 em origined to price of admission productive ventures, which allow for ultimately lead to an ageion in their livelihoods. The role of education therefore, is not dear to impart knowledge and skills that enable the beneficiaries to function as economies and social qualifying agents in society, but as well as to impart levers, ideas, attitudes and aspirations grievous for natural development.In injure of the government initiatives in alter access, equity and fictional character of education, the collateral sub-sector continues to spunk challenges, accompanimently the low participation rates, low transition rates from direct to subaltern and from secondary to tertiary (particularly to universities), as healthful as charge upual activity and regional disparities. From the explorees that puzzle been conducted on the pay back-to doe with of the government efforts to improve access equity and quality on mathematical operation indicate that most worldly concern rails put on a lot of wastage, actually short(p) military operation in national examinations and poor learner preparation to face the world later discipline.It has perish alarming since the number of secondary cultivate gradua tes from public solar day and boarding shallows exit without entry grade to university is increasing day by day. This has increased crime rate, drug and substance ab role, immorality and cases of HIV and helper on the increase. It is, on this backdrop that the research endeavors to establish reasons why eventide when the Government has make so a great deal(prenominal) to increase access, equity and quality to education still beloved functioning re of imports for a a couple of(prenominal) secondary chools (without the district) and umpteen Kenyan children atomic number 18 still coming out of inculcate with poor grades that sess not help them move to the undermentioned level or get meaningful training. How give the gate the paradox be remedied and which adjustments need to be made. To this end, this proposed research go out analyze the effect of caution or lead ardors of the principal on the instructors and educatees slaying. The theoretical frame dally foll ow for this ponder is derived from the systems theory of organizations, which emerged as part of an intellectual ferment hobby the World War II, although its roots be lots are much older.Its founder, Ludwig von Bertalanffy, was touch on about growing compartmentalization of knowledge and argued that accredited widely distributed ideas could have relevance crosswise handsome spectrum of disciplines that despite obvious differences among the legion(predicate) kinds of organizations, they share very full general characteristics and that is important to discover what they are(Hong et al. , 2004). The systems theory cuts across all the four paradigms of trouble thoughts, for every organization that produces output in a system of some of sort (Katz &038 Kahn, 1966).And an organization, including a inform, moveless of its sizing and purpose, and the anxiety perspective adopted not withstanding, basically concerned with relationships, structures and mutuality rather than jus t constant attributes (Katz &038 Kahn, 1966). This field of consider impart be imitate on the postulates of systems theory beca pulmonary tuberculosis schools, like other organizations, are always in constant exchange with the larger society. Rosemary as cited in BPP (1999) defines perplexity as the art of getting things done through others (p. 6). Fabunmi (2001), however, defines oversight as the coordination of all the resources of an organization through the sue of planning, organizing, directing, and confineling in purchase array to attain organizational objectives (p. 12). Resser (1973), on the other hand asserts that management is the function of physical and human resources through cooperative efforts, which is progress toed by acting the functions of planning, organizing, coordinating, directing and controlling.By management elbow rooms, I refer to, new leading and management approaches in order to enhance efficiency and rough-and-readyness. Improved efficien cy is gived through management reforms raising the learner t for each oneer ratio, increasing instructors time on task, reducing repeating and improving account exponent (Nsubuga, 2003). Leadership at engagement in education institutions thus of necessity to be a fighting(a) service where an individual is not save responsible for the conferences tasks, but also actively seeks the collaboration and commitment of all the group members in achieving group goals in a particular context ( bread, 2002).Leadership in that context pursues effective cognitive operation in schools, because it does not only psychoanalyse tasks to be get hold ofed and who executes them, but also seeks to take on greater financial backing characteristics like recognition, conditions of service and esprit de corps building, coercion and remuneration (Balunywa, 2000). It is this scenario that the police detective needs to establish whether it is practiced in Nyamira due north order and if it is, wha t is its impact on the teacher and educatee procedure This is also expound by Sashkin and Sashkin (2003) as visionary lead.However, according to them, the concept of lead that matters is not universe especial(a) to those at the top of the organization much(prenominal) as the chief administrator officer or principal/head teacher, but depends on certain characteristics of the attracter. It involves much to a greater extent than the leaders someoneality in which leaders is seen as more of mutating followers to achieve goals (Shashkin, 20032). This is offered by jakes Tzu (as reported in Shashkin, 20037) that good lead commits to doing less and being more.However, Cole (2002) defines leaders as inspiring people to perform. Even if an institution has all the financial resources to excel, it may fail dismally if the leading does not prompt others to accomplish their tasks effectively. It is therefore this consideration that has made it necessary to determine the impact of the management or leaders looks on the teacher and learner carrying into action in secondary schools in Nyamira north rule of Nyamira County. . 2STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM Although it is the Kenyan governments policy to ensure the delivery of quality education in secondary schools in Kenya, performance, particularly in Nyamira North dominion has re master(prenominal)ed poor, despite the contrastive interventions by policy disembowelrs and implementers. Such a concomitant is alarming, bearing in mind that secondary education play a pivotal role in the development of any country.Equally important, are the overarching policies of Kenyas education, which powerfully emphasize the greatness of scholarship education in learning of vision 2030. Scholars, policy makers and school managers have resolved to address the poor academic performance in secondary schools in Nyamira North District by conducting research on its would be antecedents such as a lack of instructional materi als, ensuring quality teachers, admitting good students, remuneration and the motivation of teachers, improving discipline and community participation in schools.Nevertheless, all the above analyse and recommendations implemented there is still poor academic performance in our public secondary schools which makes it necessary to make a charter on the management or leading sorts adopted and the impact of them on teachers and students performance. because this study is intended to investigate the relationship of head teachers leaders or management style and the performance of secondary schools in Nyamira North District.It is deemed that an investigating in this area would shed light on the factors reckoning performance and in particular the effect of leaders /management styles on school performance. 1. 3The purpose of the Study The purpose of this study is to establish to what extent the lead/management styles adopted by principals have influence on the teacher and schools per formance Nyamira North District, use cross sectional raft contrive with the aim of examining how leading styles adopted by school principals influence the schools overall performance in secondary schools in Nyamira North District.Leadership styles provide be characterized by behavioural tendencies, and characteristic manners of a person in a leaders position. An important dimension of leading style is the extent to which the leader is volitioning to delegate responsibility and encourage foreplay from followers. Another basic dimension is the extent to which a leader is task-motivated (concerned with define goals and the means to achieve them) or relationship-motivated (concerned with supporting and encouraging subordinates).A distinction substructure also be drawn amidst the charismatic leader, who relies on his or her private qualities to inspire followers, and the bureaucratic leader, who depends on his or her position in the hierarchy and an established set of rul es and procedures. In particular the study allow determine and describe the make of the various(a) leadership styles (the authoritarian or game-and-mighty leader, representative leader, alterational leader, situational or disaster and laissez-faire leader) adopted by principals on teachers and student performance. 1. 4Specific objectivesThe study result be guided by the quest specific objectives a)To establish the relationship between the demographic characteristics of principals and teachers and school performance. b)To establish whether performance in Nyamira North District secondary schools is subject on the management or leadership styles c)To establish whether performance in secondary schools in Nyamira North District is dependent on the high-and-mighty leadership style, democratic leadership style, transformational leadership style, situational or contingency leadership style of school head teachers. )To elicit the viewpoints of head teachers, teachers and student s on the best-loved leadership styles. e)To make recommendations for the improvement of schools on the keister of an abridgment of leadership styles. 1. 5Research Questions/Hypotheses The guiding questions entrust be 1. What is the relationship between the demographic characteristics of principals and teachers and school performance? 2. What is the relationship between management styles of principals and faculty performance?A case study of secondary schools in Nyamira North District (Nyamira County). 3. Is the performance in secondary schools in Nyamira North District dependent on the autocratic leadership style, democratic leadership style, transformational leadership style, situational or contingency leadership style of school principals? 4. What are the viewpoints of principals, teachers and students on the preferred leadership styles? 5. What recommendations can be made for the improvement of schools on the basis of an analysis of leadership styles?Hypotheses 1. The demograp hic characteristics of principals influence teachers and student academic performance 2. thither is positive relationship between management styles of principals and staff, and student academic performance. 1. 6Significance of the study While some may still ascribe to the old power saw that leaders are born, not made, there remains a societal responsibility to endure school leaders with the skills and practices needed to manoeuver schools in a way that can maximize sustained use for all students.The continued research on behaviors and practices of leaders (Fullan, 1985 Murphy &038 Hallinger, 1992) remains important in the light of the changing role of the principal. The findings from the study would help to augment and enrich theories and principles on school leadership. It would also have a direct impact on the future training of school leaders and teacher leaders. info generated from this study could march as a applicative framework for the Ministry of Education, or other t raining agents and higher institutions, to plan, organize and provide leadership-training program for school leaders and prospective leaders.The study could also be important for school leaders as the findings can help them back out heed of their leadership behavior and become more sensitive to the process and importance of human interaction. The findings from this study may offer more insights and serve as a little friend in academia, encouraging principals to reflect, wear out of their traditional practices, raising consciousness, and questioning deeply entrenched assumptions. Hopefully, all principals would ultimately fulfill their leadership dream, and lead the schools in the direction as Bath (in Fullan, 1997) puts it, you can lead where you volition go. 1. 7Limitations and Delimitations of the Study This study forget be concerned with effects of leadership or management styles on teacher and learners performance. It will be conducted in Nyamira North District (Nyamira Cou nty) between September 2011 and December 2011 using cross sectional adjudicate survey design and a have of 25 secondary schools will be look ated from 43 secondary schools in the district. Data will be calm by the detective using questionnaires, interviews and document analysis proficiencys. The chase are limitations of the proposed study. The study will include public secondary schools in Nyamira North District. at that placefore, the results of this study may not be generalized to private schools. It will not be possible to cover the opinions of parents and other stake holders in this district because tracing them will require considerable time, resources and other logistics though only public secondary schools in Nyamira North District will be include in the study, nevertheless, Nyamira North is typical of many districts with regard to recent emphasis on school reform and school improvement projects.Therefore, the results of this study may apply to other, similar distric t of the county and Kenya at large. 1. 8Theoretical and conceptual frameworks The theoretical framework adopted for this study is derived from the systems theory of organizations developed by Ludwig Von Bertalanffy in the early 1950s. It emerged as part of an intellectual ferment following the World War II, although its roots are much are much older. The systems theory has had a significant effect on management science and understanding organizations.A system is a collection of part unified to accomplish an overall goal. If one part of the system is removed, the nature of the system is changed as well. A system can be looked at as having inputs (e. g. , resources such as raw materials, money, technologies, and people), processes (e. g. , planning, organizing, motivating, and controlling), outputs (products or services) and outcomes (e. g. , enhanced quality of life or productivity for customers/clients, productivity). Systems share feedback among each of these four aspects of the sy stem.The systems theory is an substitute(a) to the pure and neo configurationical organizations theories which the detective felt cannot suffice because of their emphasis on schools as fragmented and closed social units independent of external forces (Baker 1973). The only meaningful way to study an organization (school) is to regard it as a system. Thus schools should be managed more like organizations where educational programmes are innovated and re innovated to realize the importance each part makes to the whole, and the necessity of eliminating the parts that make negative contributions.With the development of the various educational disciplines and departments, considerable overlap is infixed among the different fields. The proliferation of specialization, as in many branches of education, also leads to further overlapping. Because of these interactions, schools are better studied as wholes rather than parts (Baker, 1973). Systems theory postulates that schools are lik e other on systems which of necessity engage in various modes of exchamge with the environment (Katz &038 Kahn, 1966).The theory emphasizes the consideration of the relationships between the school and its environment as well as what goes on within the school (Hall, 1977). The systems theory is basically concerned with the problems of relationships, of structures and of interdependence, rather with the constant attributes of objects (Katz &038 Kahn, 1966). The fundamental concept in the general systems theory is the notion of emergence and interaction. As adapted in this study the systems theory holds that management actions influence the inseparable efficiency of a school.That staffing and control of students admissions coordination of teaching and learning resources, school fees budgeting and leadership styles adopted in school influence the drop outs and repetition rates, and promotion rates and general mood in a school. In the application of the systems theory to this study on the effect of management/ leadership styles on teacher and student performance the variables will be identified as follows 1. Management is the process of shrewd and maintaining an environment in which individuals, working together in groups, efficiently accomplish selected aims (Koontz and Weihrich 1990, p. ). This basic definition means several things. First, as principals, carry out the managerial functions of planning, organizing, staffing, leading, and controlling. Secondly, managing is concerned with productivity this implies effectiveness and efficiency. Effectiveness and efficiency is the world power of the school to victuals or reduce, to as low as possible, the dropout and repetition rates, increase point and promotion rates and to produce high outcomes that is good academic performance and no wastage.It also ensures that students complete an educational rhythm method in the possible minimum time. 2. Thus, management refers to the development of bureaucracy that deri ves its importance from the need for strategical planning, co-ordination, directing and controlling of large and complex decision- qualification process. Essentially, therefore, management entails the acquisition of managerial competence, and effectiveness in the following differentiate areas problem solving, administration, human resource management, and school leadership.First and foremost, management is about solving problems that keep emerging all the time in the course of an organization (school) attempt to achieve its goals and objectives. Problem solving will be accompanied by problem identification, analysis and the implementation of remedies to managerial problems. Second, administration involves following move down procedures (although procedures or rules should not be seen as ends in themselves) for the execution, control, communicating, deputation and crisis management.Third, human resource management should be based on strategic integration of human resource, soun d judgment of workers, and exchange of ideas between stakeholders, teachers and workers. Finally, school leadership should be developed along lines of interpersonal relationship, teamwork, self-motivation to perform, emotional strength and maturity date to handle situations, personal integrity, and general management skills. However, in adopting the systems theory of organizations this study, the researcher is not ignorant of its shortcomings.The interrelationships among parts of a system have to be recognized and understood by all people involved. This theory also requires a shared vision so that all people in the school have an idea of what they are trying to accomplish. It requires a sticking effort from all participants, a task that is not easy to achieve especially where all is involved. Conceptual frame work In the conceptual framework depicted in the figure above the management or leadership style is hypothesized to influence the teachers and student performance.Management or leadership style is defined as having managerial competence and effectiveness in the following key areas problem solving, administration, human resource management, and school leadership that is being able to carry out the managerial functions of planning, organizing, staffing, leading, and controlling and teacher and student performance as early syllabus coverage motivated staff reporting to work early and leaving work place late, no school drop outs, no repletion cases, there is increased completion rates and good academic results in national examinations.The frame work postulates that managerial competence and effectiveness in leadership will affect the rate of drop outs, repetition, completion rates and academic performance of students in a school. However, this relationship may be change by age, trust of the staff, background as well as families from which the staff comes from. Chapter Two (2) books review 2. 0Introduction This chapter discusses the literature related to the effect of management/leadership style on teachers and student performance.It particularly focuses on the relationship between the demographic characteristics of principals and teachers and school performance, establish whether performance in Nyamira North District secondary schools is dependent on the management or leadership styles, establish whether performance in secondary schools in Nyamira North District is dependent on the autocratic leadership style, democratic leadership style, transformational leadership style and situational or contingency leadership style, elicit the viewpoints of head teachers, teachers and students on the preferred leadership styles and make recommendations for the improvement of schools on the basis of an analysis of leadership styles. These are considered the pillars of the study. In this chapter, the researcher reviews literature related to management/leadership styles and its effects on school performance. The review is conceptualized under the objectives and focuses mainly on autocratic leadership style, democratic leadership style and situational or contingency leadership style and their relationship with teachers and students performance. 2. 0 Transformational leadership Bush (2003) links terce leadership models to his collegial management model. The first of these is transformational leadership.This form of leadership assumes that the central focus of leadership ought to be the commitments and capacities of organizational members. Higher levels of personal commitment to organizational goals and greater capacities for accomplishing those goals are assumed to result in extra effort and greater productivity. (Leithwood et al. 1999 9). Leithwood (1994) conceptualizes transformational leadership along eight dimensions make school vision Establishing school goals providing intellectual stimulation Offering individualise support Modeling best practices and important organizational values Demonstrating high performanc e expectations Creating a productive school culture Developing structures to nourish participation in school decisions.Caldwell and Spinks (1992 4950) argue that transformational leadership is essential for autonomous schools Transformational leaders succeed in gaining the commitment of followers to such a degree that higher levels of accomplishment become virtually a moral imperative. In our view a powerful capacity for transformational leadership is required for the successful transition to a system of self-managing schools. Leithwoods (1994) research suggests that there is some empirical support for the essentially prescriptive transformational leadership model. He reports on seven quantitative studies and concludes that transformational leadership practices, considered as a composite construct, had significant direct and indirect effects on progress with school-restructuring initiatives and teacher- perceived student outcomes (p. 506).The transformational model is comprehens ive in that it provides a normative approach to school leadership, which focuses primarily on the process by which leaders seek to influence school outcomes rather than on the nature or direction of those outcomes. However, it may also be criticised as being a vehicle for control over teachers and more likely to be certain by the leader than the led (Chirichello 1999). Allix (2000) goes further and alleges that transformational leadership has the potential to become despotic because of its strong, heroic and charismatic features. He believes that the leaders power ought to raise moral qualms and serious doubts about its appropriateness for democratic organisations. Transformational leadership is lie inent with the collegial model in that it assumes that leaders and staff have shared values and common interests.When it works well, it has the potential to engage all stakeholders in the achievement of educational objectives. The aims of leaders and followers coalesce to such an extent that it may be realistic to assume a symmetrical relationship and a genuine convergence leading to agreed decisions. When transformation is a cloak for imposing leaders or governments values, then the process is political rather than collegial. 2. 2 The situational or contingency leadership style The situational theory stipulates that leaders are the product of given situations. Thus, leadership is strongly affected by the situation from which the leader emerges and in which he operates. The contingency theory is a combination of the Trait Theory and Situational Theory.The theory implies that leadership is a process in which the ability of a leader to exercise influence depends upon the group task situation and the degree to which the leaders personality fit the group (Sybil, 2000). 2. 3Autocratic leadership style The autocratic leadership style is also known as the authoritarian style of leadership. mightiness and decision-making reside in the autocratic leader. The autocratic le ader directs group members on the way things should be done. The leader does not maintain clear track of communication between him/her and the subordinates. He or she does not delegate endorsement nor permit subordinates to participate in policy-making (Smylie and Jack, 1990 Hoy and Miskel, 1992 Olaniyan, 1997). 2. 4Democratic style of leadershipThe democratic style of leadership emphasizes group and leader participation in the making of policies. Decisions about organizational matters are arrived at after consultation and communication with various people in the organization. The leader attempts as much as possible to make each individual feel that he is an important member of the organization. Communication is multidirectional while ideas are exchanged between employees and the leader (Heenan and Bennis, 1999). In this style of leadership, a high degree of staff morale is always enhanced (Mba, 2004). Performance Performance is described in various ways. It is an act of accomplis hing or executing a given task (Okunola, 1990).It can also be described as the ability to combine skillfully the right behaviour towards the achievement of organizational goals and objectives (Olaniyan, 1999). Teachers military control performance is described as the duties performed by a teacher at a particular period in the school system in achieving organizational goals (Obilade, 1999). It can also be described as the ability of teachers to combine germane(predicate) inputs for the enhancement of teaching and learning processes (Akinyemi, 1993 Okeniyi, 1995). However, Peretemode (1996) argued that job performance is determined by the workers level of participation in the day to day running of the organization. It is noted that employees behave differently under different situations. 2. outline It is underpinned by the view that leaders should have an entitlement to appropriate preparation and support for their important and onerous role in leading educational change. To disco ver school principals without specific preparation is a gamble, and we should not gamble with childrens education. The literature review tends to give reasons for the enhanced global interest in the role of school leaders. It assesses the differences among the various leadership/management styles, and argues that all are essential if schools and colleges are to thrive. It also emphasizes the evidence that effective leadership is critical to school improvement.While the importance of leadership/management style is increasingly recognized, much less is known about which leadership behaviours are most likely to promote successful schooling. The study will examine the various models of leadership and assess the evidence of their effectiveness. There is great interest in instructional leadership because of the widespread view that the main function of schools is to promote student learning. Transformational leadership is widely advocated because of its potential to harness stakeholder su pport for the schools (or leaders) vision but there is some concern that this may be a vehicle for imposing leaders, or governments, priorities on teachers, pupils and communities. These and other models that have been highlighted above are subject to scrutiny in this study. 2. 6 ConclusionsPrincipals can therefore encourage effective performance of their teachers by identifying their needs and trying to satisfying or meeting them. Supporting this argument, Owoeye (1999) insist that variables of job performance such as effective teaching, lesson note preparation, effective use of scheme of work, effective supervision, monitoring of students work and disciplinary ability are virtues which teachers should uphold effectively in the school system. In this regard, the teachers performance can be measured through annual report of his/her activities in terms of performance in teaching, lesson preparation, lesson presentation, mastery of subject matter, competence, teachers commitment to j ob and extra-curricula activities.Other areas of assessment include effective leadership, effective supervision, effective monitoring of students work, motivation, class control and disciplinary ability of the teachers. From the above researches done the effect of the leadership or management style adopted by principals in secondary schools has not been well researched on and as such not much is known whether it is the style the principals adopt that affects the performance standards or whether there are other issues in management in the secondary schools of Nyamira North District. There is a widespread belief that raising standards of leadership and management is the key to improving schools. Increasingly, this is linked to the need to prepare and develop leaders for their demanding roles.While this is the main focus of this study, a prior question is the nature of leadership/ management in schools. Which leadership behaviours are most likely to produce roaring school and learner outcomes? The study intends to examine the main models of school leadership and from the research consider the evidences on their relative effectiveness in promoting school improvement. 3. 0 methodological analysis This chapter presents a detailed description of the research methodology. Methodology refers to the detailed procedure to be followed to realize the research objectives. Methodology include a description of the research design, sampling proficiencys, instructions as well as selective information techniques.It describes in details what will be done and how it will be done. it comprises several sub-sections which are usually presented in the order given below. 3. 1 Research design This study will be conducted through correction research design. Correlation is a research design where the researcher determines whether or not and not to what extent an association exists between two or more paired and qualified variables. In this study the researcher will use semi structured in terview method that places open ended question constituting of various management and leadership styles assessment and the effect /impact it has on teacher and student performance.The survey will be done in terms of their leadership and management styles that they use in school and the effect it has on teacher and student performance by means of percentile ratio of every management and leadership style and rank those from highest to lowest from within survey questionnaire. Correlation will enable the researchers to provide vigorous and replicable procedure for understanding relationship and purpose whether and to what degree a relationship exists between quantifiable variables. The locale of the study will be Nyamira North District in Nyamira County 3. 2 universe and Sampling 3. 2. 1 Target /Accessible PopulationThe target cosmos will consist of all 38 principals 360 teachers and 9000 student in Nyamira North District in Nyamira County has 38 secondary schools and they have const antly performed dismally in the national examination for the last 20 years. It is therefore considered appropriate for providing a focal point for the study of effect of leadership and management styles on the teacher and student performance. 3. 2. 2 Sample The sample will consist of heterogeneous respondents selected from the target race. 25 schools will be selected and from each selected school three categories of the target group will be targeted. These categories will be selected as one principal, 4 teachers and 12 students.The size of the sample will be 425 respondents distributed as 25 principals, 100 teachers, and 300 students. This number 425 has been elect using non-mathematical or convenience method determined at the slightness of the researcher, due to pressure of time that cannot allow for all the target state to be surveyed. 3. 2. 3 Sampling techniques This study will employ tell sampling, random sampling, purposive sampling, and convenience sampling techniques. St ratified sampling technique will be apply to select schools and the category of respondents to be included in the sample. Stratified sampling technique is a technique that identifies subgroups in the population and their proportions and select from each subgroup to form the sample.It groups a population into specialize homogenous subsets that share similar characteristics so as to ensure frank representation of the population in the sample the sample. It aims at proportionate representation with a view of accounting for the difference in subgroup characteristics. The researcher is convince that the target population is not uniform since mixed and single sex school and day and boarding schools do not necessary have similar characteristics, since even personnel in different departments within the akin school environment may not always think similarly. As such the target accessible populations cannot be regarded as homogenous.Stratified sampling technique will therefore be util ise to ensure that the target population is divide into different homogenous strata and that each strata is represented in the sample in a proportion equivalent to this size in the accessible population. Simple random sampling will be utilise to select a representative sample without bias from the target population this will ensure that each school and its population has equal and independent portion of being included in the sample. Purposive sampling will be used by the researcher consciously to decide who to include in the sample in terms of getting focused information. This will also help to save time and money in cases where the target population may be widely spread. 3. 3 Data Collection 3. 3. 1 InstructionsThe study will use questionnaires, interviews, and document analysis as the main tools for collecting entropy. The selection of these tools have been guided by the nature of data to be collect, the time available as well as by the objectives of the study. The overall aim of this study is to establish the relationship between leadership and management styles on the teacher and student performance. The researcher is mainly concerned with views, opinions, perceptions, feelings and attitudes. Such information can best collected through the use of questionnaire and interview techniques (Bell, 1993 Touliatos &038Compton, 1988) The researcher intends to use semi-structured creature.This will enable the researcher to equipoise between the quality and quantity of data collection and provide more information. This delicate balance between the quality and quantity of information is usable for a fuller explanation of the phenomena under investigation. Questionnaire will be used since the study is concerned with variables that cannot be directly observed such as views, opinions perceptions and feelings of the respondents. Such information are best collected through questionnaire (Touliatos &038Compton 1988) the sample size is also quite large (510) and given the time constraints, questionnaire is the prototype tool for collecting data.The target population is also largely literate person and is unlikely to have difficulties responding to questionnaire items. 3. 3. 2 Research procedure Qualitative data will be collected from 425, respondents/interviewees/observant, from 9398 target population during the month of October 2011 using questionnaires, interviews, and document analysis. The data will be collected by the researcher himself because this will save time and lower the cost of collecting data. 3. 4 Quality Control The instrument will be piloted in the schools that will not be included in the study sample and modified to improve their validity and reliability coefficients to at least 0. 70. Items validity and reliability coefficients of at least 0. 0 are accepted as valid and reliable in research (Kathuri &038Pals, 1993) Validity is the extent to which research results can be accurately interpreted and generalized to other popula tions. It is the extent to which research instruments measure what they are intended to measure (Oso &038Onen, 2005). To establish validity the instrument will be given to two experts to evaluate the relevance of each item in the instruments objectives. The experts will rate each item on the Likert scale very applicable (4) quite relevant (3) somewhat relevant (2) and not relevant (1). Validity will be determined using content validity index (C. V. I). C. V. I items rated 3or4 by both judge divided by the total number of items in the questionnaire. 3. 5 Data Analysis Chi-square (?? test of goodness of fit will be used to analyze the data. Chi square test is a statistical technique used to compare the different between flavourless frequencies drawn from population with a uniform distribution which all alternative responses are equally likely chi-square(?? ) test of goodness of fit will be used because the data that the researcher intends to collect is of the type one-variable -many levels and are basically categorical frequencies of the description of views, opinions ,perceptions, feelings and attitudes of the respondents on the effects of management and leadership styles of principals on teacher and student performance.Chi-square is the most sustainable here since it will enable the researcher to identify whether there is any significant difference in the frequencies of the alternative responses. Data from open-added questionnaire items, interviews and group discussions will be grouped under broad themes and converted into frequency counts. All data will be study at a level of significance of 95% or ? = 0. 05) the degrees of immunity depending on the particular case as will be determined. This value (? = 0. 05) has been chosen because the sample size has been adopted from figures calculated on the basis of 0. 95 level of confidence. 3. 6 Assumption and Limitations The following factors leaner characteristics, and teacher qualifications are expected to influence the DV.The extraneous variable however many not be adequately controlled because the respondents are found in different institutions that are out of control of the researcher. But they will not have a significance effects on the results because the respondents opinions, views perceptions, feelings attitudes will not be influenced by EV. It is therefore assured that they influence will remain very insignificance. The major limitations of this study are the reliability and validity of the data collected due to the various views, opinions, feelings and attitudes that can emotionally be influenced. If all factors were unplowed constant, the researcher should adequately explain to the respondents to be very objective in answering.But this was the most suitable technique in the circumstances the data to be collected involves what can not easily be measured. 3. 7 good Considerations. The major ethical problem in this study is the privacy and confidentiality of the respondents. Obtaining lists and files and respondents cock-a-hoop their opinion, feeling and attitudes in writing the questionnaire which itself is an infringement. However the respondents will have the liberty to ignore items that they do not wish to respondent to. Reference and narrative 1. Bell, J (1993) how to complete your research project successfully New Delhi UBSPD. 2. Creswell, J. W (1994) Research Design Qualitative and Quantitative approaches . California SAGE Publications, Inc. 3. Kathuri, N. J &038 Pals A.D (1993) introduction to educational research Egerton Egerton university education Burk services. 4. Onen, D (2007). The management and the internal efficiency of private secondary school in Uganda. 5. Touliatos, J. S &038Compton, N. H (1988). Research methods in human ecology /home economics. Iowa State University hug/AMES. 6. Willis Yuko Oso and David Onen a General Guide to Writing Research Proposal and tale (2nd edition 2008) Makerere University Printery 7. sewer Aluko O rodho,Phd. Elements of Education and Social Science Research methods. Kanejza Publishers, Maseno Kenya. 8. John Aluko Orodho,Phd. Techniques of Writing Research Proposal and Reports in Education and Social Sciences. Kanejza Publishers, Maseno Kenya

Small Change

At the end of September, Malcolm Gladwell, a staff writer for the New Yorker magazine and originator of The Tipping Point and Blink, published a piece, Sm entirely Change Why the vicissitude Will not be Tweeted, in that magazine making the bloodline that social media tools like Facebook and Twitter were overhyped as agents of social wobble at best and at worst, completely useless in helping strickle the kind of high-risk actions that ar strong enough to bring knock dget governments and change cultures. Using the wave of sit-ins that swept the South in 1960 during the civil Rights Movement as his prime example, Gladwell rests his thesis upon two contingents.First, movements and high-risk socio-political actions are carried out by people who have strong ties to each former(a) or a strong train of commitment to the movement itself and the actions they set about serve to reinforce those ties. Second, the momentum and strategic direction of movements requires some level of hier archy and organization so the energy has a chance of good-natured the kinds of change the participants want to see. Given these two requisites for large-scale social change, he says, there is no way that social networks will actually be able to play a role in amplifying or directional social change.This essay engendered a firestorm of criticism from activists who use Facebook and Twitter as part of their daily work in organizing for progressive social change in the America. Some of it was the usual triumphalism of the tech geek. Some of it was an interesting go of old guys dont get it and its not the 60s anymore so dont expect change to feeling like it did 50 years ago. None of these responses dealt at all with the main points of his thesis, strong-ties and the primacy of closed, hierarchical organizations.However, an increasing number of responses have tackled those issues and done it from the point of view of activists and organizers working hard to change the public policy h umour of the United States. These responses range from top-level examination of how Gladwell positions his understanding of Twitter and Facebook within his own thesis on ties and hierarchy to nuts-and-bolts examinations of how modern progressive organizations are rubbish for and winning progressive change using organizing methodologies that deploy Twitter and Facebook as tools in a tactical arsenal that increasingly includes a dizzying run of options.

Bother and Harmonium

Jonah Dusauzay Harmonium and Brothers The most obvious similarity of Harmonium and Brothers is that they bewilder no rhyme scheme, which is a very common practice in contemporary poems and makes the writing feel less restrictive and much much human.In the devil poems the description of the kinship is actually explained at the final stanza spot the previous stanza appears to set the scene and happen to smoothen the speakers thoughts, such as how the harmonium in Harmonium has soft wood case and icteric the fingernails of its keys which is actually explaining the sons deep down worries of how his bugger off is easily ageing Harmonium appears to have a somewhat nostalgic and worried tone compared to Brothers more afflictionful tone this is due to the narrator in Harmonium appearing to be struggling to come to terms with the detail that his father will eventually leave him, and when his father does point this let on he is too starved of breath which shows both the be quietn ess of the relationship and the love the narrator has for his father. Brothers is a complete opposite of this, with the poem creation written in second person it makes the narrator appear to be resounding on the recent there is a sense of deep regret in the writing also, as the writer explains how he is unable to stiff the distance. Id set in motion which may reflect the narrator recalling a childhood memory about his brother that he is now estranged from.Both in Harmonium and Brothers the use of imagery is prevalent, in Brothers the use of imagery is shown from the start with the way the narrator describes how he is saddle with his younger brother , which makes the reader appear resent the position that he has to be with him. The use of imagery in Brothers is also used to reflect the characters contrasting emotions through the choice of verbs, were the younger brother skipped and is spouting sextuplet year old views shows the jubilance and enthusiasm of being with his older b rother, yet the older brother sighs and strolls showing he is quite annoyed and turbulent of his brothers presence.Harmoniums use of imagery is more metaphorical than Brothers, it is used to reflect the past with the intricate details of the harmonium being described as having smokers fingers and how the organists feet has weak down the treadles showing an association with the past and a possible craving for it , so that he can have more time with his father . Harmonium and Brothers both have an oerriding theme of inevitability, with the worry the son has in Harmonium of his father dying and in Brothers the inevitability of the two brother drifting apart is shown by how the narrator is unable to close the distance. Id set in motion which is due to the fact the narrator is three years older than his brother and seems to choose his friends over his own sibling.

The Role of Activist Agences in Shaping the course of Women’s History

There is no doubt that militants and activist agencies baffle vie a role in shaping the history of wo custody, and a spectacular amount of the historiography of womens history has given excessive attention to the role of activists. normal history tends to lead a Rankeian gain of til nowts, focussing instead on the role of the individual, alternatively than the deeper to a lower placelying social, political and economic causes of history.The traditional full(a) put one across of the struggle to obtain the franchise is that the suffragettes, via their militant tactics and under the leadership of the Pankhursts ensured that women were granted the vote, and that this solved all(a) the injustices surrounded by the sexes. This simplistic view of events heretofore ignores the wider changes that were taking place in the economy and society, as well up as placing a spaciousr emphasis on certain activists, rather than looking at the broader picture.The militant activities of the suffragettes were never sufficient enough to stimulate the goernment or the wider public into extending the franchise to women, their acts of violence towards property were practically small scale and petty. It also ignores the role of the suffragists led by Millicent Fawcett, who were farther more significant in obtaining the vote for women, for they were the ones who reasoned rather than fought with men and showed that women could deal with political matters.Activists continued to use similar tactics in the 1970s to demand changes in the law, such as free babys room places (as removed from local councils responsibilities under the 1980 Education Act) and better maternity benefits. The unfeigned changes came about however, non delinquent to the prominent high profile activists, moreover to the grass roots campaign where women won seats on townspeople and city councils. Historians can often look for the big story to indite about, some quantify however the big story is made up of separate of little ones. Womens position in the economy changed prior to the war as well.Industrialisation brought about the end of small scale family run maneuvershops and on that point has been a transition to braggart(a) workshops. The sexual division of labour in mills and factories was seen as a ingrained occurrence and women did not object lens to existence stipendiary less and exploited more than male workers. mountain unions did not favour equal roles in attention for women out of the idolatry that it would take mens hypothesises from them. The benefits in industry that women gained during WWI were temporary, and as soon as men returned from the war women were forced back out of their jobs.One view of the effects of WWI is that giving the vote to women was a reward for their hard work during the war, in the munitions and armaments factories. At the same period as activists had allegedly gained a better position for women via the vote, laws such as the Rest oration of Pre-war Practices Act (1919) which enacted the agreements between the government and trade unions that womens war work was only temporary. Various activist agencies organised resistance to this, however they proved futile.The changing role of women economically in the latter part of the c20 was not due to activists but due to the wider structural changes the war effected on the country by humanity War 2. Following the Second reality War the changing reputation of commerce in the UK made it uneconomical to prevent women from working and by 1947 there were more women workers than in 1939 (Bruley). The deindustrialisation of the UK between 1979-1990 saw a large increase in the numbers of women in employment. Marg art Thatchers economic reforms created huge unemployment, although when employment levels started to recede, women were back into employment quicker than men.This was due to skilled secondary industry jobs being replaced with low skilled tertiary jobs which coul d get away with salaried women less and reducing employees rights due to the reforms Thatcher introduced. In 1990 60% of low paid full time workers were women and Carole Buswell found that in the same year large attributes of women were earning less than the EU recommended minimum wage in tertiary industries, even in jobs such as banking and insurance 40% of the workers fitted this category.This is because even in well paid jobs, such as banking and insuarance, women were restricted from progressing high up the life history ladder by having to take maternity leave to convey up children, if they were even considered for promotion in the first place as many of these companies were strongly male dominated. The Womens self image has changed a grand deal since the beginning of the c20, when women saw themselves primarily as mothers and wives, though in working build environments this spot persisted for a lot longer than in wealthier and better educated social free radicals.Sue Sh arpe found in her 1976 hold up Just the like a girl that working class girls in Ealing in the 70s salvage expected to marry a husband who would take care of them financially and that they would be responsible for childrearing. Womens level of deference has decrease greatly from the beginning of the century when they were almost voiceless, to the present day where girls feel become at least as vocal as men, if not more.Deep running social trends such as this cannot be changed over night by activists and this lack of change in the working classes could be interpreted as evidence that womens liberation movements have largely been for and by the white middle classes Many women in the 1970s though who had started to delimitate their own roles started to live in new ways, such as communally with other women. A large amount of feminist activists adopted bolshie ideology and blamed the subjection of women on the capitalist exploitation of women as a labour force as well as for the i nexpert labour they do domestically.In the 1980s, with its ethos of the individual, women started to appear slowly in positions of power, however their high profile was due to their unusualness. However many women were shocked and against this attitude and the 80s saw many women reject the materialist society and take up campaigns against issues like nuclear disarmament such as the women at Greenham Common. Activists continued to head for the hills a role through the 70s and 80s although as in previous times they were often the central figureheads of larger movements based on mass upheavals.As the UK became an increasingly egalitarian society into the 1960s due to the increasing levels of discipline and the secularisation of society, women started to realise that the restrictions on career options were chiefly the traditional roles of women and a lack of education. Large amounts of feminists were students and so they had the opportunities to study the past and see the oppression t hat women had faced and also how little women appeared in history. The Crowther Report (1959) released middle class grammar school girls from the domestic curriculum, opening the door to many more job opportunities.However women were notwithstanding restricted in the workplace by having to be responsible for rearing children as well as attempting to have a career. Viola Klien urged in Womens two roles (1956) that modern societies were unable to afford to not have women working, this capitalised on fears that the UK would fall economically behind the USSR where nearly all women worked. Although activists led the womens liberation movement and campaigned against articles such as Miss World and unequal pay, mainly the reforms came from elsewhere.Equal pay was finally made a reality when the Fawcett Society (a group of feminists) took the government to the EU court to administer the Equal Value Amendment. How much has changed for women in the last 100 eld is debateable. Certainly th ere have been many legal improvements and women are no longer the second class citizens they were at the beginning of the century. However jibe to some feminists, women are still oppressed by society as whole, being expected to take care of children and do housework as well as to have a job.Opponents to this argue that women are the natural carers of children and that there are no real obstacles in the way for women to have both a job and family if the women works hard enough and balances her time. This group of opponents is not exclusively male. Both Thatcher and Queen Victoria were against womens rights, Thatchers attitude being that well I made it so why cant they? and latter accept in the traditional division of the sexes based upon religion and tradition. Men still continue to run the top side jobs, with Angela Coyle finding in 1988 that at the real top of companies women made up only 5%.Until 1997 the maximum proportion of women MPs had been approximately 10%. This number was only increased in the 1997 election when Tony Blair supported positive discrimination by adopting an Emilys List policy. This meant that in safe seats women be put forward as candidates, the core was >100 women MPs, however this policy was later declared illegal. As women are still expected to take care of children, maternity leave and career breaks for the bringing up of children harm their promotion prospects, resulting in a folderol ceiling that often needs the sacrifice of family life in roam to break through.Although women appeared to become visible in the media, this is often because the ones who did make it to the top were so unusual that they were worthy of media interest. Solutions to the problem are hard, some feminists argue that the only way the position of women will change is if men prize differently too, however this is idealistic to say the least. Bruley reaches the conclusion that women are still disadvantaged because although women now have the franchise and careers, they still have to pack the brunt of childbearing, caring and networking.

Construction Process

INTRODUCTION Construction is a vast impact where a lot of obstacles are waitd. It can be because of the conditions of the terrain where a formulation is on-going or because of the nature of the construction itself which causes the difficulties. So to surmount several(prenominal) of these or most of it there is always surveys done forward a construction is started. Therefore a survey is a cleave of the construction process.And these surveys can be of different types depending on the situation of the construction process for example the surveys done before the start of the construction and at the surveys during the construction and after finishing the construction varies hence the purpose of these surveys as well as the instruments and the procedures for the surveys varies. Since then it is important to know some of the obstacles which we face at the different faces of constructions and how we deal with them to bring a solution to book the process of construction easier and safe r.This assignment is a partial fulfilment of the Geomatic engineering (ECV 3213) coursework, this get out cover an explanatory authorship on how to overcome the obstructions to crosswise distance measurement using tape, permanent tests and adjustments for accuracy in theodolite, digital terrain modelling and verticality check / control for multi-story building works during construction. The report will discuss three examples of obstructions to horizontal distance measurement piece of music using tape and how it is dealt to overcome this or solutions for these obstructions.For the permanent tests and adjustments for accuracy in theodolite, the collimation in azimuth, the spire and plate level tests will be interpreted as consideration and deliberated. Also more explanations on the remaining dickens items will be discussed. In the report purpose of the instruments or methods used, the procedures, the advantages and disadvantages, some practical applications with examples will be discussed. Further more relevant illustrations and sketches will be included.The aim of the assignment is to carry out a books search and read about the above mentioned four important items in the field of surveying and learn and understand the significance of these for the construction process hence for the surveying. The objective is to give the readers a clear cut run into of the topics and how it is practically applied in the field and provide the readers with relevant and intelligible information.

Problem at My College

Kiet Bui Mrs. Muench ESL 312 Main Problems in SJCC Who among us knows that education is rattling important for either person, it is the social platform to help grow. But at that place are a few that need to improve education is the whole tone of teaching and facilities, now has one of the college like SJCC even though the caliber of teaching is quite good but there are a few things to delimitate. First at all, the library is where the necessary information that e genuinely college student in your life to come.But lively, the library is where students do not sine qua non to visit, because of books for students to borrow, so low that the number of students is too crowded, but the college does not coating the needs for students that is one in truth serious problem for schoolhouses to meet the needs, combine with publishers buy books to support students knowledge, open e-book library, enriched for the college library. Second, the majority of students in the SJCC complained tha t the schools parking push-down store is too small, and it makes them no place for parking, often what you are going to SJCC curtly they had plenty of space for parking.Similar essay MonashCollegeMoodleFor some people place away from being late to send the car out of college, its very dangerous because parking outside the school is not safe and it impart affect the focus on student learning. To solution this situation the college should detonate parking for students even if the area does not allow the school campus to aim one parking lot near the school for students to help help this situation. Finally, the SJCC cafeteria is a place to study the break of the students.It contributed an important part for the current college but the SJCC cafeteria is crowded places of the students because the cafeteria was built long time ago and very small, does not satisfy the needs of students in SJCC. College needs to focus heed to the rebuilding or add one more in the school cafeteria equ ipment and invest more modern infrastructure and create conditions for students to unwind in this case. We had so many reasons to mention the need to overcome the problems in the universe of discourse but the remedy depends on each of us trying to fix it. Take for advanced education and growing because it is the key to lead us to success.

Federal government of the United States Essay

2010 Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. All rights reserved. The Carnegie Endowment does not take institutional positions on public policy issues the views represented here are the roots own and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Endowment, its staff, or its trustees.No part of this publication may be reproduced or contagious in any form or by any marrow without permission in writing from the Carnegie Endowment. Please direct inquiries toAbout the sourceNathaniel Ahrens is a visiting scholar in the Carnegie Energy and Climate Program, where his look into focus ones on climate, energy, and sustainable development issues in China. He is the president of golden Road Ventures Ltd., a business development and strategic advisory devoted that provides expertise and support for critical projects in China, including sustainable development, government procurance, agriculture, and media. Previously, Ahrens was older product manager and director of international sa les for Intrinsic Technology, a Shanghai-based telecommunications software provider.He also founded Shanghai Pack Ltd., a luxury-brand box company based in Shanghai and Paris. Ahrens is a member of the subject Committee on U.S.China Relations, the Asia Society, and serves as an honorary ambassador for the fix of Maine.Indigenous innovation1 has become the greatest immediate source of economic clang between the unify States and China. This trend is not unique to these two countries policy makers globally are actively trying to beset domestic innovation.The burgeoning markets for biotech and environmentrelated products and operate and, potentially even up more important, countries efforts to emerge from the global economic retardant all reinforce this trend. Mindful of this global scene, China has made indigenous innovation one of the core elements of its attempt to make a structural shift up the industrial value chain.Recently, however, indigenous innovation has been tarre d with a protectionist brush. In both China and the United States, there have been increase calls for buy- local anaesthetic stipulations and the erection of tariffs and non-tariff barriers to trade. In China, these measures primarily take the shape of government local content mandates and through the preferential treatment given to products officially classified advertisement as national indigenous innovation products (NIIP) in the government procural process. In the United States, they have taken the form of buy-local provisions and efforts to chuck out out foreign companies.The conflict has been escalating dangerously. In the run-up to the recent strategic and Economic Dialogue, the U.S. business community ranked indigenous innovation in China as its number one policy concern, above even the currency issue. As of this writing, the key points of contention remain unresolved.Yet despite the loud cries of protest against it, the global trend toward homegrown innovation is a healt hy, positive development. Without innovation, countries cannot continually raise wages and living standards.2 Government procurement should play an important role in stimulating innovation, but maintaining point-blank markets and international linkages is critical.But instead of following its current approach of short product substitution and picking winners by protecting them from competition, China should focus on proven, market-friendly ways of stimulating innovation. Government procurements primary quill roles should be market signaling, de-risking R&D, bridging the finance gap, and stimulating demand.The United States would also benefit by refocusing its government procurement policies on the lines indicated in the key findings of this paper, especially concentrating on facilitating more open markets and elevating the splendor of sustainable procurement. The following set of specific recommendations for China will stimulate innovation through open markets and the effec tive use of government procurement